From the gut to the vagina: the application of probiotics in gynecological practice

Abstract

Probiotics are live non pathogenic microorganisms which consumed in adequate amounts provide health benefit on the host. Vagina is colonised by a diverse range of microorganisms that make up normal vaginal microbiota. A healthy vagina is dominated by one or more Lactobacillus strains: Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacilus iners and Lactobacillus jensenii. Their production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins prevents vaginal mucosa from colonization of pathogenic microorganism. There are several factors such as age, hormonal changes, menstruation cycle, pregnancy, diet and antimicrobial drugs use that can influence composition of vaginal microbiota. The imbalance of vaginal microbiota may lead to dysbiosis and other genital tract diseases. Probiotics containing lactobacilli, particulary Lactobacillus crispatus, have a positive impact on the vaginal microbiota, restoring its balance and reducing the recurrence rate of infections.