RECURRENT PREGNANCY LOSS: CURRENT ASPECTS OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Abstract

  Summary. Recurrent pregnancy loss is a distressing event affecting 1–5% of women and traditionally is defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages. Recurrent pregnancy loss is not a series of sporadic miscarriages, but a separate unit of reproductive health disorder. Therefore, some international societies of reproductive medicine recommend defining recurrent pregnancy loss as two or more pregnancy losses that do not necessarily occur consecutively. The etiopathogenesis of recurrent miscarriages is complex, associated with genetic, immunologic, anatomical, endocrine, and metabolic disorders. However, after routine clinical examination, almost 50% of the causes remain unexplained. To optimize reproductive outcomes for women experiencing recurrent miscarriages, a detailed medical examination, specialized care, and personalized treatment are recommended. This narrative review aims to assess evidence-based and real-world aspects of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and clinical management of recurrent pregnancy loss.